Monuments Class Projects
This class project was a collaboration between Professor Thomas Connors (Department of History), Chris Neuhaus (Instruction and Liaison Librarian), and Ellen Neuhaus (Digital Scholarship Librarian).
The spring 2022 and 2015 classes, HIST 4159/5159 and HIST 2011 Monuments & Memory: Making & Unmaking the Historic Landscape, students examined monuments through many lens, including history, art, architecture, and design. Students with a public history or non-teaching major, researched and interpreted antique images of monuments. The original antique carte-de-visite (CdV) cards are owned by Thomas Connors. For the class project the antique CdV images were archived in UNI ScholarWorks. Students studied the monument images and developed metadata for the online archive of images and wrote background research articles and developed bibliography of sources.
Each repository entry includes the antique image and several items by the student, a re-edited image, background research and bibliography of sources documents. Each entry is geolocated on a Google map.
To help students gather and create metadata information, a Metadata Worksheet Template has been developed.
See the Monuments Class Projects Guide developed by Chris Neuhaus, library liaison to the History Department, for help on researching the monuments.
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![[01a] Henri IV Statue, Paris, France [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1004/thumbnail.jpg "[01a] Henri IV Statue, Paris, France [front]")
[01a] Henri IV Statue, Paris, France [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Giambologna (architect) and Pietro Tacca (architect)
A carte-de-visite historical photograph of the Equestrian Statue of Henri IV. The Baroque statue was set up in honor of the French monarch Henry IV. In 1614, and then taken down during the French Revolution in 1792. It was replaced in 1818.
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![[02a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, The Great Elector Statue #1, Berlin, Germany [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1006/thumbnail.jpg "[02a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, The Great Elector Statue #1, Berlin, Germany [front]")
[02a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, The Great Elector Statue #1, Berlin, Germany [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Andreas Schlüter (Sculptor)
A carte-de-visite photograph of the Equestrian Statue of Friedrich Wilhelm the Great Elector in front of the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin Germany. The statue was created by Andreas Schlüter in 1708 and depicts the Great Elector on horseback with symbolic slaves in chains around the base of the statue.
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![[03a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, the Great Elector Statue #2, Berlin, Germany [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1050/thumbnail.jpg "[03a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, the Great Elector Statue #2, Berlin, Germany [front]")
[03a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, the Great Elector Statue #2, Berlin, Germany [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Andreas Schlüter (Sculptor)
A carte-de-visite photograph of the Equestrian Statue of Friedrich Wilhelm the Great Elector set in front of the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin Germany. The statue was created by Andreas Schlüter in 1708 and depicts the Great Elector on horseback with slaves in chains around the base of the statue. The relief on the base of the statue is dedicated to King Friedrich I (1657-1713), the son of the Great Elector, who had become the Prussian king by the time the statue he commissioned had been finished.
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![[04a] Lion of Lucerne #1, Switzerland [front] by Jost Greber (Photographer)](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1018/thumbnail.jpg "[04a] Lion of Lucerne #1, Switzerland [front] by Jost Greber (Photographer)")
[04a] Lion of Lucerne #1, Switzerland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Bertel Thorvaldsen
A carte-de-visite historical photograph of The Lion Monument, popularly called the Lion of Lucerne. This rock sculpture is dedicated to the Swiss Guards massacred during the French Revolution in 1792. Sculpted by Bertel Thorvaldsen
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![[05a] Lion of Lucerne #2, Switzerland [front] by Jost Greber (Phohtographer)](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1052/thumbnail.jpg "[05a] Lion of Lucerne #2, Switzerland [front] by Jost Greber (Phohtographer)")
[05a] Lion of Lucerne #2, Switzerland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical
Artist/Sculptor:Bertel Thorvaldsen
A carte-de-visite historical photograph of The Lion Monument, popularly called the Lion of Lucerne. This rock sculpture is dedicated to the Swiss Guards massacred during the French Revolution in 1792. Sculpted by Bertel Thorvaldsen
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![[06a] William Tell Statue #1, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1030/thumbnail.jpg "[06a] William Tell Statue #1, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]")
[06a] William Tell Statue #1, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Hans Konrad Siegfried (Architect) Georg Ludwig Vogel (Inspired by)
In Altdorf, Switzerland, this monument depicts Swiss folk hero William Tell with an arm resting on his crossbow and the other outstretched holding the arrow that famously shot the apple off his son’s head. The location of the statue is supposedly where William Tell shot the apple for his freedom. It was designed and sculpted by Hans Konrad Siegfried and was inspired by the Tell Statue on top of the Eidgenössisches Freischiessen Triumphal Arch in Zürich (pictured to the right), home to the first and largest shooting festival.
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![[07a] William Tell Statue #2, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1054/thumbnail.jpg "[07a] William Tell Statue #2, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]")
[07a] William Tell Statue #2, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture
Artist/Sculptor:Hans Konrad Siegfried (Architect) Georg Ludwig Vogel (Inspired by)
In Altdorf, Switzerland, this monument depicts Swiss folk hero William Tell with an arm resting on his crossbow and the other outstretched holding the arrow that famously shot the apple off his son’s head. The location of the statue is supposedly where William Tell shot the apple for his freedom. It was designed and sculpted by Hans Konrad Siegfried and was inspired by the Tell Statue on top of the Eidgenössisches Freischiessen Triumphal Arch in Zürich (pictured to the right), home to the first and largest shooting festival.
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![[09a] Frederick the Great Statue, Berlin, Germany [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1012/thumbnail.jpg "[09a] Frederick the Great Statue, Berlin, Germany [front]")
[09a] Frederick the Great Statue, Berlin, Germany [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Christian Daniel Rauch
A carte-de-visite photograph of a neoclassic equestrian statue of Frederick II of Prussia “Frederick the Great” located on Unter den Linden boulevard in Berlin, Germany. The large bronze statue, commissioned by Frederick Wilhelm III and sculpted by Christian Daniel Rauch, was unveiled in 1851. Photograph is from 1865
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![[10a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #1, Stirling, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1014/thumbnail.jpg "[10a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #1, Stirling, Scotland [front]")
[10a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #1, Stirling, Scotland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Alexander Handyside Ritchie; John Thomas Rochead (Cupola)
A carte-de-visite photograph depicting the Wigtown Martyrs statue in Stirling, Scotland. Erected in 1859, the statue stands in Mar Place Cemetery and memorializes the two Margarets, Margaret Wilson and Margaret MacLachlan, both of whom were drowned by the Solway Tide in 1685.
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![[11a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #2, Stirling, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1040/thumbnail.jpg "[11a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #2, Stirling, Scotland [front]")
[11a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #2, Stirling, Scotland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Alexander Handyside Ritchie; John Thomas Rochead (Cupola)
A carte-de-visite photograph depicting the Wigtown Martyrs statue in Stirling, Scotland. Erected in 1859, the statue stands in Mar Place Cemetery and memorializes the two Margarets, Margaret Wilson and Margaret MacLachlan, both of whom were drowned by the Solway Tide in 1685.
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![[12a] Percy Shelley Monument, Christchurch, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1016/thumbnail.jpg "[12a] Percy Shelley Monument, Christchurch, England [front]")
[12a] Percy Shelley Monument, Christchurch, England [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture
Artist/Sculptor:Henry Weekes (1807-1877)
A photograph of the Percy Shelley Monument, a Neoclassical sculpture, in Christchurch, England. The statue was commissioned by Shelley’s surviving son, Percy Florence Shelley, and was carved by Henry Weekes in the early 1850’s. The sculpture depicts Shelley, who drowned off the coast of Italy in 1822, being held by his wife, Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley, author of Frankenstein.
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![[13a] Pompey's Pillar, Alexandria, Egypt [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1046/thumbnail.jpg "[13a] Pompey's Pillar, Alexandria, Egypt [front]")
[13a] Pompey's Pillar, Alexandria, Egypt [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Classical
A carte-de-visite historical photograph of Pompey’s Pillar, a Roman triumphal column in Alexandria Egypt. The column was set up in honor of the Roman Emperor Diocletian between 298-302 AD after he besieged the city for eight months and spared what remained of it from looting. During the Middle Ages, European Crusaders misidentified Diocletian’s Column as Pompey’s Pillar, believing it to be for Pompey who was assassinated in Egypt after fleeing from Julius Caesar’s forces. They believed his ashes sat in a pot at the top.
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![[14a] Rufus Stone, New Forest, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1028/thumbnail.jpg "[14a] Rufus Stone, New Forest, England [front]")
[14a] Rufus Stone, New Forest, England [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture
Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
The monument marks the alleged spot where King William II (reigned 1087-1100), also known as “Rufus”, was killed by a member of his own hunting party in 1100. This Rufus Stone has stood since 1745, although the iron casing around the stone was erected in 1841 to prevent vandalism and erosion. While surrounded by mystery and myth, his death by arrow at the hands of Lord Walter Tirel while hunting is well-documented and remains one of the greatest royal mysteries of England, and we may never know if it was accidental or planned. The monument’s inscription details William’s demise, and that his body was taken to be buried at Winchester Cathedral.
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![[15a] Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1000/thumbnail.jpg "[15a] Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States [front]")
[15a] Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture
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![[16a] Freedman's National Monument [unbuilt], United States [front] by Heywood](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1032/thumbnail.jpg "[16a] Freedman's National Monument [unbuilt], United States [front] by Heywood")
[16a] Freedman's National Monument [unbuilt], United States [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture
Artist/Sculptor:Harriet G. Hosmer
This sculpture was designed as a Neoclassical Monument with a temple frame, including multiple levels and platforms, that encloses a sarcophagus with a effigy representing President Lincoln. The temple is surrounded by figures representing the stages of freedom for the emancipated African Americans and reliefs that depict moments from Lincoln's life as well as represent the idea of President Lincoln as the Savior of the Union as well as the Great Emancipator.
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![[17a] Martyrs Monument, Oxford, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1008/thumbnail.jpg "[17a] Martyrs Monument, Oxford, England [front]")
[17a] Martyrs Monument, Oxford, England [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture
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![[18a] Walter Scott Monument #1, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1010/thumbnail.jpg "[18a] Walter Scott Monument #1, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]")
[18a] Walter Scott Monument #1, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture
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![[19a] Walter Scott Monument #2, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1044/thumbnail.jpg "[19a] Walter Scott Monument #2, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]")
[19a] Walter Scott Monument #2, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture
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![[20a] Black Watch Monument, Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1038/thumbnail.jpg "[20a] Black Watch Monument, Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland [front]")
[20a] Black Watch Monument, Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical
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![[21a]Thomas Gray Monument, Stoke Poges, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1002/thumbnail.jpg "[21a]Thomas Gray Monument, Stoke Poges, England [front]")
[21a]Thomas Gray Monument, Stoke Poges, England [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture
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![[22a] Kranner's Fountain, Emperor Francis I Monument, Prague, Czechia [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1034/thumbnail.jpg "[22a] Kranner's Fountain, Emperor Francis I Monument, Prague, Czechia [front]")
[22a] Kranner's Fountain, Emperor Francis I Monument, Prague, Czechia [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival
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![[28a] July Column (Colonne de Juillet) , Paris, France [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1048/thumbnail.jpg "[28a] July Column (Colonne de Juillet) , Paris, France [front]")
[28a] July Column (Colonne de Juillet) , Paris, France [front]
School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical
Artist/Sculptor:Jean-Antoine Alavoine and Joseph-Luis Duc
A carte-de-visite of the July Column (or Colonne de Juillet), a large Corinthian-style column that was built on the site of the Bastille prison to commemorate the 1830 Revolution. While a monument was originally planned to be built in 1793 to commemorate the Fall of the Bastille and the beginning of the 1789 French Revolution, nothing was built until King Louis-Phillipe commissioned this column which was finished in 1840. Designed by Jean Antoine Alavoine and Joseph Luis Duc, the column stands at 169 feet and is topped with an angel called the Spirit of Freedom. The vaults underneath contain the remains of rioters killed in both the Revolution of 1830, which brought King Louis-Phillipe to power, and the 1848 Revolution that overthrew him.
![[08a] Joseph II Statute, Vienna, Austria [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1042/thumbnail.jpg "[08a] Joseph II Statute, Vienna, Austria [front]")
![[23a] Albert Memorial, Manchester, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1036/thumbnail.jpg "[23a] Albert Memorial, Manchester, England [front]")
![[24a] Lion Mound #1, Waterloo, Belgium [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1020/thumbnail.jpg "[24a] Lion Mound #1, Waterloo, Belgium [front]")
![[25a] Lion Mound #2, Waterloo, Belgium [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1022/thumbnail.jpg "[25a] Lion Mound #2, Waterloo, Belgium [front]")
![[26a] Lion Mound #3, Waterloo, Belgium [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1024/thumbnail.jpg "[26a] Lion Mound #3, Waterloo, Belgium [front]")
![[27a] Lion Mound #4, Waterloo, Belgium [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1026/thumbnail.jpg "[27a] Lion Mound #4, Waterloo, Belgium [front]")
![[29a] Vendôme Column, Paris, France [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1056/thumbnail.jpg "[29a] Vendôme Column, Paris, France [front]")
![[30a] Lord Clyde's Statue, London, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1058/thumbnail.jpg "[30a] Lord Clyde's Statue, London, England [front]")
![[31a] Richard Coeur de Lion Statue, London, England [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1060/thumbnail.jpg "[31a] Richard Coeur de Lion Statue, London, England [front]")
![[32a] Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel #1, Paris, France [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1062/thumbnail.jpg "[32a] Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel #1, Paris, France [front]")
![[33a] Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel #2, Paris, France [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1064/thumbnail.jpg "[33a] Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel #2, Paris, France [front]")
![[34a] Equestrian Statue of Joan of Arc, Orleans, France [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1066/thumbnail.jpg "[34a] Equestrian Statue of Joan of Arc, Orleans, France [front]")
![[35a] Luther Monument, Worms, Germany #1 [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1068/thumbnail.jpg "[35a] Luther Monument, Worms, Germany #1 [front]")
![[36a] Luther Monument, Worms, Germany #2 [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1070/thumbnail.jpg "[36a] Luther Monument, Worms, Germany #2 [front]")
![[37a] Prussian National Monument for Liberation Wars, Berlin, Germany [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1072/thumbnail.jpg "[37a] Prussian National Monument for Liberation Wars, Berlin, Germany [front]")
![[38a] William III Statue, Dublin, Ireland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1074/thumbnail.jpg "[38a] William III Statue, Dublin, Ireland [front]")
![[39a] Cavour Statue, Milan, Italy [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1076/thumbnail.jpg "[39a] Cavour Statue, Milan, Italy [front]")
![[40a] Christopher Columbus Monument, Genoa, Italy [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1078/thumbnail.jpg "[40a] Christopher Columbus Monument, Genoa, Italy [front]")
![[41a] St. Peter's Chair, Vatican, Rome [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1080/thumbnail.jpg "[41a] St. Peter's Chair, Vatican, Rome [front]")
![[42a] Commodore Perry Monument #1, Yokosuka, Japan [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1082/thumbnail.jpg "[42a] Commodore Perry Monument #1, Yokosuka, Japan [front]")
![[43a] Commodore Perry Monument #2, Yokosuka, Japan [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1084/thumbnail.jpg "[43a] Commodore Perry Monument #2, Yokosuka, Japan [front]")
![[44a] Dalhousie Memorial Fountain, Brechin, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1086/thumbnail.jpg "[44a] Dalhousie Memorial Fountain, Brechin, Scotland [front]")
![[45a] Nelson's Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1088/thumbnail.jpg "[45a] Nelson's Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]")
![[46a] Edward Everett Statue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1090/thumbnail.jpg "[46a] Edward Everett Statue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [front]")
![[47a] Emancipation Monument, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1092/thumbnail.jpg "[47a] Emancipation Monument, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [front]")
![[48a] Plymouth Rock Canopy, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States [front]](https://scholarworks.uni.edu/his_monuments_sp2022/1094/thumbnail.jpg "[48a] Plymouth Rock Canopy, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States [front]")
