Monuments Class Projects

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  [01a] Henri IV Statue, Paris, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Giambologna (architect) and Pietro Tacca (architect)
  

  A carte-de-visite historical photograph of the Equestrian Statue of Henri IV. The Baroque statue was set up in honor of the French monarch Henry IV. In 1614, and then taken down during the French Revolution in 1792. It was replaced in 1818.

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  [02a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, The Great Elector Statue #1, Berlin, Germany [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Andreas Schlüter (Sculptor)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph of the Equestrian Statue of Friedrich Wilhelm the Great Elector in front of the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin Germany. The statue was created by Andreas Schlüter in 1708 and depicts the Great Elector on horseback with symbolic slaves in chains around the base of the statue.

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  [03a] Friedrich Wilhelm I, the Great Elector Statue #2, Berlin, Germany [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Andreas Schlüter (Sculptor)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph of the Equestrian Statue of Friedrich Wilhelm the Great Elector set in front of the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin Germany. The statue was created by Andreas Schlüter in 1708 and depicts the Great Elector on horseback with slaves in chains around the base of the statue. The relief on the base of the statue is dedicated to King Friedrich I (1657-1713), the son of the Great Elector, who had become the Prussian king by the time the statue he commissioned had been finished.

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  [04a] Lion of Lucerne #1, Switzerland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Bertel Thorvaldsen
  

  A carte-de-visite historical photograph of The Lion Monument, popularly called the Lion of Lucerne. This rock sculpture is dedicated to the Swiss Guards massacred during the French Revolution in 1792. Sculpted by Bertel Thorvaldsen

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  [05a] Lion of Lucerne #2, Switzerland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Bertel Thorvaldsen
  

  A carte-de-visite historical photograph of The Lion Monument, popularly called the Lion of Lucerne. This rock sculpture is dedicated to the Swiss Guards massacred during the French Revolution in 1792. Sculpted by Bertel Thorvaldsen

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  [06a] William Tell Statue #1, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Hans Konrad Siegfried (Architect) Georg Ludwig Vogel (Inspired by)
  

  In Altdorf, Switzerland, this monument depicts Swiss folk hero William Tell with an arm resting on his crossbow and the other outstretched holding the arrow that famously shot the apple off his son’s head. The location of the statue is supposedly where William Tell shot the apple for his freedom. It was designed and sculpted by Hans Konrad Siegfried and was inspired by the Tell Statue on top of the Eidgenössisches Freischiessen Triumphal Arch in Zürich (pictured to the right), home to the first and largest shooting festival.

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  [07a] William Tell Statue #2, Altdorf, Switzerland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:Hans Konrad Siegfried (Architect) Georg Ludwig Vogel (Inspired by)
  

  In Altdorf, Switzerland, this monument depicts Swiss folk hero William Tell with an arm resting on his crossbow and the other outstretched holding the arrow that famously shot the apple off his son’s head. The location of the statue is supposedly where William Tell shot the apple for his freedom. It was designed and sculpted by Hans Konrad Siegfried and was inspired by the Tell Statue on top of the Eidgenössisches Freischiessen Triumphal Arch in Zürich (pictured to the right), home to the first and largest shooting festival.

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  [08a] Joseph II Statute, Vienna, Austria [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Franz Anton Von Zauner (1746-1822)
  

  This neoclassical statue honors Austrian Emperor Joseph II who was known for his progressive reforms, including the abolition of serfdom, which granted peasants legal freedom. It was commissioned by Joseph's nephew, Emperor Francis II. The monument in Vienna's Josefplaz celebrates Joseph II's legacy as the "People's Emperor" and symbolizes his commitment to public welfare and Enlightenment ideals. Designed by Franz Anton von Zauner, the statue stands in front of the National Library in Vienna, Austria.

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  [09a] Frederick the Great Statue, Berlin, Germany [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Christian Daniel Rauch
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph of a neoclassic equestrian statue of Frederick II of Prussia “Frederick the Great” located on Unter den Linden boulevard in Berlin, Germany. The large bronze statue, commissioned by Frederick Wilhelm III and sculpted by Christian Daniel Rauch, was unveiled in 1851. Photograph is from 1865

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  [10a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #1, Stirling, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Alexander Handyside Ritchie; John Thomas Rochead (Cupola)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph depicting the Wigtown Martyrs statue in Stirling, Scotland. Erected in 1859, the statue stands in Mar Place Cemetery and memorializes the two Margarets, Margaret Wilson and Margaret MacLachlan, both of whom were drowned by the Solway Tide in 1685.

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  [11a] Wigtown Martyrs Monument #2, Stirling, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Alexander Handyside Ritchie; John Thomas Rochead (Cupola)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph depicting the Wigtown Martyrs statue in Stirling, Scotland. Erected in 1859, the statue stands in Mar Place Cemetery and memorializes the two Margarets, Margaret Wilson and Margaret MacLachlan, both of whom were drowned by the Solway Tide in 1685.

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  [12a] Percy Shelley Monument, Christchurch, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Henry Weekes (1807-1877)
  

  A photograph of the Percy Shelley Monument, a Neoclassical sculpture, in Christchurch, England. The statue was commissioned by Shelley’s surviving son, Percy Florence Shelley, and was carved by Henry Weekes in the early 1850’s. The sculpture depicts Shelley, who drowned off the coast of Italy in 1822, being held by his wife, Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley, author of Frankenstein.

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  [13a] Pompey's Pillar, Alexandria, Egypt [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Classical

  
  

  A carte-de-visite historical photograph of Pompey’s Pillar, a Roman triumphal column in Alexandria Egypt. The column was set up in honor of the Roman Emperor Diocletian between 298-302 AD after he besieged the city for eight months and spared what remained of it from looting. During the Middle Ages, European Crusaders misidentified Diocletian’s Column as Pompey’s Pillar, believing it to be for Pompey who was assassinated in Egypt after fleeing from Julius Caesar’s forces. They believed his ashes sat in a pot at the top.

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  [14a] Rufus Stone, New Forest, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
  

  The monument marks the alleged spot where King William II (reigned 1087-1100), also known as “Rufus”, was killed by a member of his own hunting party in 1100. This Rufus Stone has stood since 1745, although the iron casing around the stone was erected in 1841 to prevent vandalism and erosion. While surrounded by mystery and myth, his death by arrow at the hands of Lord Walter Tirel while hunting is well-documented and remains one of the greatest royal mysteries of England, and we may never know if it was accidental or planned. The monument’s inscription details William’s demise, and that his body was taken to be buried at Winchester Cathedral.

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  [15a] Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Egyptian Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:Solomon Willard (1783-1861)
  

  This carte-de-visite depicts the Bunker Hill Monument, a 221 ft granite obelisk which commemorates the Battle of Bunker Hill. The image shows the monument rising above landscaped grounds, with several surrounding rowhouses visible, highlighting its prominent placement within the Charlestown neighborhood.

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  [16a] Freedman's National Monument [unbuilt], United States [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:Harriet G. Hosmer
  

  This sculpture was designed as a Neoclassical Monument with a temple frame, including multiple levels and platforms, that encloses a sarcophagus with a effigy representing President Lincoln. The temple is surrounded by figures representing the stages of freedom for the emancipated African Americans and reliefs that depict moments from Lincoln's life as well as represent the idea of President Lincoln as the Savior of the Union as well as the Great Emancipator.

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  [17a] Martyrs Monument, Oxford, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811-1873) Henry Weekes (1807-1877)
  

  The Martyrs Monument in Oxford, England commemorates the martyrdom of Bishops Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas Cranmer, who were leaders of the English Reformation in the mid-16th century. The Monument was completed in 1843 by Sir George Gilbert Scott and Henry Weekes in opposition to the growing Oxford Movement, which sought to bring the Church of England back to its Roman Catholic roots. The monument stands at the bottom of St Giles in Oxford, not far from the site of their execution.

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  [18a] Walter Scott Monument #1, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:George Meikle Kemp (1795 - 1844)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph of the Scott Monument in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Gothic Revival Spire commemorates the Romantic writer, Walter Scott, and is is the 2nd largest tribute to any author in the world. Work on the monument began in 1840, with the project reaching completion in 1846.

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  [19a] Walter Scott Monument #2, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:George Meikle Kemp (1795 - 1844)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph of the Scott Monument in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Gothic Revival Spire honoring Sir Walter Scott, a famous author, is the 2nd largest tribute to any author in the world. Work on the monument began in 1840, with the project reaching completion in 1846.

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  [20a] Black Watch Monument, Dunkeld Cathedral, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  
  

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  [21a]Thomas Gray Monument, Stoke Poges, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Architecture

  
  

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  [22a] Kranner's Fountain, Emperor Francis I Monument, Prague, Czechia [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:Josef Ondřej Kranner (Architect, 1801-1871) and Josef Max (Sculptor, 1804-1855)
  

  Kranner’s Fountain is a Neo-Gothic monument in Prague, Czechia. It honors Emperor Francis I of Austria, and was created by architect Josef Kranner, whom it is named after. The statue depicts the Emperor in the center aboard a horse, surrounded by statues that represent each region of Czechia, and figures that symbolize areas which serve the well-being of the country like industry, agriculture, art, peace, abundance, mining, trade, and the sciences.

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  [23a] Albert Memorial, Manchester, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:Thomas Worthington (1826-1909) & Matthew Noble (1817-1876)
  

  A carte-de-visite of the Albert Memorial in Manchester, England. The Albert Memorial stands in Albert Square, and was unveiled in 1865. Its statue is by sculptor Matthew Noble (1817-1876). while architect Thomas Worthington (1826-1909) designed the canopy, or ciborium. The Gothic Revival memorial is adorned medallions of European cultural icons, roundels depicted with star motifs, and an octagonal spire. The statue depicts the young prince in a heroic stance. Over the years, there have been proposals to demolish and replace the memorial, but these have been defeated. In 1976, the memorial was restored to its original glory.

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  [24a] Lion Mound #1, Waterloo, Belgium [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Charles Vander Straeten (1771-1834) & Jean-Louis Van Geel (1787-1852)
  

  This monument is a man made mound that commemorates the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo (1815) in Belgium. The neoclassical sculpture of a lion honors the soldiers who fought in both battles, particularly the valor of the Prince of Orange, later William II (1792-1849), who was wounded on the battlefield. The mound was created in 1823-1826 by the order of his father William I of the Netherlands (1772-1843). The 28 ton lion statue by Jean-Louis Van Geel was added on top in 1826, and a staircase was built in 1863-1864. The Battle of Waterloo marked the end to the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.

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  [25a] Lion Mound #2, Waterloo, Belgium [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Charles Vander Straeten (1771-1834) & Jean-Louis Van Geel (1787-1852)
  

  This monument is a man made mound that commemorates the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo (1815) in Belgium. The neoclassical sculpture of a lion honors the soldiers who fought in both battles, particularly the valor of the Prince of Orange, later William II (1792-1849), who was wounded on the battlefield. The mound was created in 1823-1826 by the order of his father William I of the Netherlands (1772-1843). The 28 ton lion statue by Jean-Louis Van Geel was added on top in 1826, and a staircase was built in 1863-1864. The Battle of Waterloo marked the end to the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.

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  [27a] Lion Mound #4, Waterloo, Belgium [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  
  

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  [28a] July Column (Colonne de Juillet), Paris, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Jean-Antoine Alavoine and Joseph-Luis Duc
  

  A carte-de-visite of the July Column (or Colonne de Juillet), a large Corinthian-style column that was built on the site of the Bastille prison to commemorate the 1830 Revolution. While a monument was originally planned to be built in 1793 to commemorate the Fall of the Bastille and the beginning of the 1789 French Revolution, nothing was built until King Louis-Phillipe commissioned this column which was finished in 1840. Designed by Jean Antoine Alavoine and Joseph Luis Duc, the column stands at 169 feet and is topped with an angel called the Spirit of Freedom. The vaults underneath contain the remains of rioters killed in both the Revolution of 1830, which brought King Louis-Phillipe to power, and the 1848 Revolution that overthrew him.

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  [29a] Vendôme Column, Paris, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassic Column

  Artist/Sculptor:Jean-Baptiste Lepère (architect) and Jacques Gondouin (architect)
  

  The Vendôme Column is a neoclassic-style column commissioned by Napoleon and based on Trajan's Column. During the 19th century, the statue on top of the column was repeatedly changed: by the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, the July Monarchy in 1833, and the Second Empire of Napoleon III in 1863. The column was destroyed by the Paris Commune in 1871, but restored in 1875.

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  [30a] Lord Clyde's Statue, London, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Baron Carlo Marochetti (1805-1867)
  

  Sir Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde (1792-1863) was a famous general who fought in the Crimean War and was a commander during the Indian Mutiny. He stands atop a pillar watching over Waterloo Place in London. Below him, Britannia extends the olive branch of peace while resting on a British lion.

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  [31a] Richard Coeur de Lion Statue, London, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Victorian Neo-Gothic / Romantic Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Baron Carlo Marochetti (1805-1867)
  

  This bronze equestrian statue of King Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, is located in the Old Palace Yard outside the Houses of Parliament in London. The statue was created by Baron Carlo Marochetti and first exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851. It was permanently installed at the Palace of Westminster in 1860. It depicts King Richard I in medieval armor atop a powerful warhorse, with his sword raised high in a gesture of defiance and leadership. In 1867 bronze reliefs were added to the sides.

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  [32a] Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel #1, Paris, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassicism

  Artist/Sculptor:Pierre François Léonard Fontaine (1762-1853) and Charles Percier (1764-1838)
  

  The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was commissioned by Napoleon I to celebrate his victories. Its construction was directed by the architects Fontaine and Percier and completed in 1808. The quadriga, a chariot pulled by four horses, sits on the top of this monument and symbolizes the triumph of Napoleon's armies. Originally built for the entrance to the now destroyed Tuileries Palace, this neoclassical arch now remains in front of the Louvre.

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  [33a] Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel #2, Paris, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassicism

  Artist/Sculptor:Pierre François Léonard Fontaine (1762-1853) and Charles Percier (1764-1838)
  

  The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was commissioned by Napoleon I to celebrate his victories. Its construction was directed by the architects Fontaine and Percier and completed in 1808. The quadriga, a chariot pulled by four horses, sits on the top of this monument and symbolizes the triumph of Napoleon's armies. Originally built for the entrance to the since destroyed Tuileries Palace, this neoclassical arch now remains in front of the Louvre.

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  [34a] Equestrian Statue of Joan of Arc, Orleans, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Denis Foyatier (1793-1863)
  

  This neoclassical sculpture by Denis Foyatier (1793-1863) is located in Place du Martroi, in the center of Orléans, France. The statue commemorates France’s Patron Saint for her deeds and sacrifice, particularly her victory during the Siege of Orleans(1428-1429). The statue depicts Joan of Arc (c.1412-1431) riding a horse with her sword pointing flat rather than upward, as is more common in equestrian statues of military heroes.

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  [35a] Luther Monument, Worms, Germany #1 [front]

  Artist/Sculptor:Ernst Rietschel (1804-1861), Adolf Von Donndorf (1835-1916), Gustav Kietz (1824-1908), Johannes Schilling (1828-1910)
  

  The Martin Luther Monument in Worms, Germany commemorates Luther's defiance of the Roman Catholic Church at the Diet of Worms. Luther ignited the Protestant Revolution and brought great change to Europe. The bronze sculptures show Luther surrounded by other pivotal figures in the Reformation, including Wycliffe, Savonarola, Hus, Frederick the Wise, and Melanchthon. They stand triumphantly, enclosed by low walls in their very own "Mighty Fortress".

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  [36a] Luther Monument, Worms, Germany #2 [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Ernst Rietschel (1804-1861), Adolf von Donnodorf (1835-1861), Gustav Kietz (1824-1908), Johannes Schilling (1828-1910)
  

  The Martin Luther Monument in Worms, Germany commemorates Luther's defiance of the Roman Catholic Church at the Diet of Worms. Luther ignited the Protestant Revolution and brought great change to Europe. The bronze sculptures show Luther and other pivotal figures in the Reformation, including Wycliffe, Savonarola, Hus, Frederick the Wise, and Melanchthon. They stand triumphantly around Luther, and are enclosed by low walls in their very own "Mighty Fortress".

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  [37a] Prussian National Monument for Liberation Wars, Berlin, Germany [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
  

  The Prussian National Monument for Liberation Wars in Berlin commemorates the struggle of Prussia against Napoleonic Rule from 1813 to 1815, symbolizing its military victory and German national identity. Prussian King Frederick William III (reigned 1797-1840) commissioned the monument to commemorate the victory against France. Designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841), the monument is Romantic Neo-Gothic in style, featuring a spire with many pointed arches and pinnacles, as well as statues and inscriptions that honor and commemorate Prussian royalty and military leaders. Despite wartime damage and political shifts, the monument remains an emblem of unity and resilience for Germany.

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  [38a] William III Statue, Dublin, Ireland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque

  Artist/Sculptor:Grinling Gibbons (1741-1848)
  

  This statue of William III once stood in front of the Irish Parliament in College Green, Dublin. It was erected in 1701 by prominent Dublin residents to commemorate the king who set in place the Protestant Ascendancy over Ireland. His pose on horseback reflects his pivotal victory in the Battle of the Boyne (1690). The statue was the target of vandalism by Irish nationalists over the years until it was badly damaged by an Irish Republican bomb in 1929. It was then removed by the Irish Free State government as it moved away from British authority.

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  [39a] Cavour Statue, Milan, Italy [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Odoardo Tabacchi, Antonio Tantardini
  

  The Cavour Statue stands tall in the busy center of Milan, just east of the Porcelanosa Milano. It commemorates a key figure in Italian history, Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour (1810-1861). As prime minister, he succeeded in unifying a divided Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.

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  [40a] Christopher Columbus Monument, Genoa, Italy [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Lorenzo Bartolini (1777-1850) and Giovanni Battista Cevasco (1817-1893)
  

  This monument is located in Genoa, Italy, where Christopher Columbus is thought to have been born, and it honors his expeditions that connected Europe to the Americas. Created in the Neoclassical style, it stands in Piazza Acquaverde, and celebrates Genoa's naval history and civic pride.

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  [41a] St. Peter's Chair, Vatican, Rome [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque

  Artist/Sculptor:Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
  

  This monument is situated in the apse of St. Peter's Basilica and was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Representing the origins of the power of the papacy in the Apostle Peter, it serves as a reliquary for what is traditionally considered the saint's chair.

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  [42a] Commodore Perry Monument #1, Yokosuka, Japan [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Boulder, Japanese

  Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
  

  This carte-de-visite photograph shows the Commodore Perry Landing Memorial, which honors the commander of the United States East India Squadron, Matthew Perry, who landed in this spot in 1853. It was erected on July 14, 1901 to commemorate the 48th anniversary of the landing of Commodore Perry in a village named Kurihama, which was later integrated into the city of Yokosuka.

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  [43a] Commodore Perry Monument #2, Yokosuka, Japan [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Boulder, Japan

  Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
  

  This carte-de-visite photograph shows the Commodore Perry Landing Memorial, which honors Navy officer and commander of the United States East India Squadron, Matthew Perry, who landed in this spot in 1853. It was erected on July 14, 1901 to commemorate the 48th anniversary of the landing of Commodore Matthew Perry in a village named Kurihama, which was integrated into the city of Yokosuka.

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  [44a] Dalhousie Memorial Fountain, Brechin, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1834-1921)
  

  The Dalhousie Memorial Fountain was erected by Lady Christian Maule to honor her brother, the 11th Earl of Dalhousie and 2nd Baron Panmure. The Fountain is a Gothic Revival monument with pointed arches and ribbed vaults. Dalhousie was the British War Secretary during the Crimean War.

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  [45a] Nelson's Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:Robert Burn (1752-1815) Thomas Bonnar (1770-1847)
  

  The Nelson Monument on Calton Hill in Edinburgh was built in 1816 to commemorate Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson and his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805). Designed by Robert Burn and finished by Thomas Bonnar, the monument resembles an upturned telescope, symbolizing Nelson’s naval legacy. In 1853, a time ball was added to the top, which drops daily at 1:00 PM, when the One O’Clock Gun is fired from Edinburgh Castle.

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  [46a] Edward Everett Statue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [front]

  
  

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  [47a] Emancipation Monument, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical

  Artist/Sculptor:Thomas Ball (1819-1911)
  

  Why would a statue in Boston that honored one of the most important events in US history get removed? Although it was put up in good faith, it depicted the enslaved man as a common stereotype. Lincoln is shown as a tall, standing, white man who freed and saved the crouching and shirtless enslaved black man. This was a common theme. White men tended to be depicted standing or riding a horse above their minority counterparts, who were shown seated, crouched, or in a subservient position.

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  [48a] Plymouth Rock Canopy, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:Hammet Billings (1818-1874)
  

  The Canopy over Plymouth Rock honors the Pilgrims' landing at Plymouth after their voyage on the Mayflower in 1620. The canopy was built to protect and store half of the rock. According to tradition, settlers first set foot on this rock when they landed here at Plymouth. The canopy was built in 1867 and existed until 1920. When it was torn down and replaced with the existing canopy that holds both pieces of the original rock.

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  [49a] Eugene of Savoy Statue, Vienna, Austria [front]

  
  

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  [50a] Karl Schwarzenberg Statue, Vienna, Austria [front]

  
  

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  [51a] Congress Column, Brussels, Belgium [front]

  
  

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  [52a] Hannover Monument #1, Waterloo, Belgium [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neoclassical Sculpture

  
  

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  [53a] Hannover Monument #2, Waterloo, Belgium [front]

  
  

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  [54a] Peter Paul Rubens Statue, Antwerp, Belgium [front]

  
  

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  [55a] Albert Memorial #1, Kensington Gardens, London, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Architecture

  Artist/Sculptor:George Gilbert Scott (1811-1878)
  

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  [56a] Albert Memorial #2, Kensington Gardens, London, England [front]

  
  

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  [56ac] Albert Memorial #3, Kensington Gardens, London, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic Revival

  Artist/Sculptor:George Gilbert Scott (1811-1878)
  

  A carte-de-viste historical photograph of the Albert Memorial. The Gothic Revival monument was completed in honor of Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria, in 1876.

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  [57a] Alfred the Great Statue, Wantage, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Victorian

  Artist/Sculptor:Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Count von Gleichen (1833-1891)
  

  This statue of the 9th century king of Wessex, Alfred the Great, stands in his birthplace of Wantage, England. He was famous for protecting England from Viking invasions and developing an influential law code. The creation of this statue reflected Victorian Britain’s growing interest in his life. It depicts Alfred in armor while holding both an axe and scroll, symbolizing his military and administrative accomplishments.

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  [58a] Hadley Highstone / Barnet Obelisk, Barnet, England [front]

  
  

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  [59a] Bishop Hooper's Monument, Gloucester, England [front]

  
  

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  [60a] Hugh Myddelton Statue, London, England [front]

  
  

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  [61a] Leith Hill Tower, Dorking, England [front]

  
  

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  [62a] Temple Bar, London, England [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: English Baroque

  Artist/Sculptor:Sir Christopher Wren (architect, 1632-1723), John Bushnell (1636-1701)
  

  This carte-de-visite photograph shows the Temple Bar Gate in London. The gate allowed entrance through the defensive walls surrounding the medieval city. Originally completed in 1672, the gate was taken down in 1878 and reconstructed in a different location. In 2004, the gate was moved back into the city where it remains today.

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  [63a] Louis XIV Statue, Lyon, France [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Baroque Sculpture

  Artist/Sculptor:Martin Desjardins (1637-1694), replica; François-Frédéric Lemot (1772-1827)
  

  Originally put up in 1715, this statue of the “Sun King” was torn down during the French Revolution in 1793. In 1825, it was recast and restored during the Bourbon Restoration, and since then has remained in Lyon’s main square.

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  [64a] Marshal Louis Suchet Statue, Lyon, France [front]

  
  

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  [65a] Friedrich Wilhelm III Statue, Berlin, Germany [front]

  
  

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  [66a] Schiller and Goethe Statue, Weimar, Germany [front]

  
  

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  [67a] Schöner Brunnen (Fountain), Nuremberg, Germany [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Gothic

  Artist/Sculptor:Heinrich Beheim (?-1403)
  

  A carte-de-visite photograph from the late 19th century of the Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) in Nuremburg, Germany. The fourteen-meter fountain, erected in the late 14th century, commemorates religious and philosophical figures in multiple tiers, including Old Testament prophets and classical philosophers.

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  [68a] Turenne Memorial, Sasbach, Germany [front]

  
  

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  [69a] Wilhelm I Statue, Cologne, Germany [front]

  
  

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  [70a] The Memorial Well #1, Cawnpore, India [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neo- Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Baron Carlo Marochetti (1805-1867)
  

  This carte de visite photograph shows the Gothic Iron Gate provided the entrance through the gothic wall surrounding the memorial site. The monument was put up to commemorate the burial of over a hundred British women and children who died during the Indian Mutiny of 1857. The Memorial Well was put up in 1866. Both the Angel and the Memorial Well were later removed. The land where the Well stood was turned into a park, and the Angel and wall was placed at a nearby church.

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  [71a] The Memorial Well #2, Cawnpore, India [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Neo-Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Daniel Chester French (1850-1931)
  

  This carte de visite photograph shows the Gothic Angel of Resurrection statue that was placed in the center of the Memorial Well in Cawnpore to commemorate British Victims of the Indian Mutiny of 1857. The Angel statue was placed over the opening of the well where the bodies were thrown in. It was put up in 1866 and was then later removed in 1947 following India gaining independence. It was then moved to the Kanpur Memorial Church.

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  [72a] Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Roman/Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Rabirius (not confirmed)
  

  This carte-de-visite photograph shows the Arch of Titus, a Roman triumphal arch built around c. 81 C.E. To honor Emperor Titus and the Fall of Jerusalem. One of its reliefs depicts the spoils from the Jewish Temple taken during the 1st Jewish-Roman War.

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  [73a] Augustus of Prima Porta, Vatican City [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Roman Imperial/Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
  

  The Augustus of Prima Porta is a marble statue of Augustus, the first Roman Emperor (reigned 27 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.). It was originally discovered in 1863 at the Villa of Livia in Prima Porta in Rome. Carved from white Parian marble, the statue stands over two meters tall and is thought to be a replica of a lost bronze original. Symbolic elements, such as the adorned breastplate and the traditional contrapposto pose, are used to honor Augustus's authority, military victories, and divine heritage. The statue is now housed in the Vatican Museum.

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  [74a] Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Roman/Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
  

  Located in the Piazza Colonna, in the heart of Rome, the Column of Marcus Aurelius is constructed of marble reliefs upon a 12-meter base. Winding around the exterior of the column, these reliefs depict the military accomplishments of Marcus Aurelius, the last Emperor of Rome during the Golden Era. It was originally completed in 193 C.E. under his son, Emperor Commodus. The column’s base was later reconstructed in 1589, when a bronze statue of St. Paul was placed on top. The spiral staircase in the interior of the Column originally could be ascended, but it has long been sealed up.

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  [75a] Marcus Aurelius Statue, Rome, Italy [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Roman/Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Unknown
  

  This carte-de-visite photograph depicts the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. The Classical statue was created to honor the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius for his triumph in the Marcomannic Wars in c. 175 – 176 C.E. It was moved into the Capitoline Museum in 1981 and replaced by a replica due to corrosion.

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  [76a] Trajan's Column, Rome, Italy [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Roman/Classical

  Artist/Sculptor:Apollodorus of Damascus (c. 60-130 CE)
  

  Trajan’s Column in Rome, was constructed to honor Emperor Trajan’s victory in the Dacian Wars. The column was designed and constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus (c. 60-130 C.E.). The monument is 126 feet tall and has a frieze with intricate carvings to depict events during the war.

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  [77a] George Walker's Pillar, Derry, Northern Ireland [front]

  School of Art/Architecture: Classical Revival/Doric Column

  Artist/Sculptor:John Henry (Unknown) John Smyth (1776-1840)
  

  Walker’s Pillar was erected in 1828 to honor Reverend George Walker for his leadership during the Siege of Londonderry (1689). During the Troubles, the pillar was blown up by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1973. Only the restored base remains on site today. A replica of Walker’s statue is now in the garden of the nearby Apprentice Boys Memorial Hall. The pillar originally stood about 80 feet to 100 feet tall. Walker’s statue on top depicted him holding a Bible in his right hand with his left hand pointing towards the Foyle River.

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  [78a] The National Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland [front]

  
  

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  [79a] Andrew Jackson Statue, Washington, DC, USA [front]

  
  

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  [80a] Casimir Pulaski Monument, Savannah, GA [front]